A Property Kind Calculus for Measurement Metrology

15.2. Intensity, whole-properness, and what a carving cannot say🔗

A Decomposition is a carving and not a census. Nothing in it fixes how many parts a system has, and every law of this chapter is quantified over all carvings rather than stated for one — which is why the \forall-quantified form is the deliverable: a total that depends on how the whole was cut is not a total. That is Marmodoro's point about physical structure, which "unites" without bringing a count principle with it, so that "It is an open question how many entities a physical structure is"  (Marmodoro, 2018)Anna Marmodoro, 2018. “Whole, but not One”. In Ontology, Modality, and Mind: Themes from the Metaphysics of E. J. Lowe (Oxford University Press).. What a carving therefore cannot supply is the whole; that arrives with a sort of system (the foundations chapter) and its aggregation license (the object-type chapter).

Additivity is one answer to what composition does to a value, and the alternatives are not the absence of an answer. Both below are stated against the same measurement, so a model that claims one is claiming something refutable.

Definition15.2.1
Group: Mass is extensive: the mass of a whole is the sum of the masses of its parts. Volume on mixing is not: ethanol and water mix sub-additively. Tracking which kinds are extensive is a precondition for soundly aggregating measurements. (30)
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Definition 15.1.1
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Theorem 15.2.2
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✓L∃∀N

A kind is intensive (§13.5.4) when composing two parts that already agree leaves the value where it was: temperature, density, the angular velocity of a rigid body. The hypothesis is Dybkær's own, read literally — his definition asks that the value be "invariant with the extent of a system of constant composition", and of constant composition is the clause a shorter phrasing drops. Without it the law would assert that mixing water at 20 °C with water at 80 °C leaves either reading intact.

Lean code for Definition15.2.1●1 definition
  • structure(2 fields)defined in PropertyKindCalculus/Extensivity.lean
    complete
    structure PropertyKindCalculus.Intensive.{u} {O : Type u}
      (k : PropertyKindCalculus.KindOfProperty)
      (m : PropertyKindCalculus.Measurement O) : Prop
    structure PropertyKindCalculus.Intensive.{u}
      {O : Type u}
      (k :
        PropertyKindCalculus.KindOfProperty)
      (m :
        PropertyKindCalculus.Measurement O) :
      Prop
    **§13.5.4 intensive kind-of-quantity.** A kind `k` is *intensive* under a measurement `m`
    when (i) every part is measured as a value of kind `k`, and (ii) composing two parts **that
    already agree** leaves the value where it was: temperature, density, the angular velocity of
    a rigid body.
    
    Condition (ii) is Dybkær's definition read literally, and the literal reading is the design.
    His §13.5.4 asks that "a physical addition operation does not exist and … a quantity value is
    invariant with the extent of a system of constant composition" — and *of constant
    composition* is the clause a shorter phrasing drops. Without it the law would assert that
    mixing water at 20 °C with water at 80 °C leaves either reading intact. With it, agreement
    between the parts is the hypothesis, and what the structure says about parts that *disagree*
    is nothing at all: an intensive kind licenses no reading of the whole from unequal parts,
    which is a narrower claim than a total law and an honest one. 
    ofKind : ∀ (d : PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition O), (m d).kind = k
    Every measured part is a value of the kind `k`. 
    uniform : ∀ (a b : PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition O), (m a).numeral = (m b).numeral → (m (a.union b)).numeral = (m a).numeral
    The single-split constancy law, with its hypothesis explicit: two parts reading the
    same value compose to a whole reading that value. 
Proof for Definition 15.2.1

Realized as Intensive k m, the same shape as extensivity with the additivity field replaced by a conditional constancy field. What the structure says about parts that disagree is nothing at all: an intensive kind licenses no reading of the whole from unequal parts, which is a narrower claim than a total law and an honest one.

Theorem15.2.2
Group: Mass is extensive: the mass of a whole is the sum of the masses of its parts. Volume on mixing is not: ethanol and water mix sub-additively. Tracking which kinds are extensive is a precondition for soundly aggregating measurements. (30)
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Definition 15.1.1
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Intensive aggregation. For an intensive kind, a whole all of whose atomic parts read v reads v itself, over any carving and to any depth. Builds on intensive kinds.

Lean code for Theorem15.2.2●1 theorem
  • theoremdefined in PropertyKindCalculus/Extensivity.lean
    complete
    theorem PropertyKindCalculus.intensive_uniform.{u} {O : Type u}
      {k : PropertyKindCalculus.KindOfProperty}
      {m : PropertyKindCalculus.Measurement O} {v : ℤ}
      (h : PropertyKindCalculus.Intensive k m)
      (d : PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition O) :
      PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition.Forall
          (fun s =>
            (m (PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition.atom s)).numeral = v)
          d →
        (m d).numeral = v
    theorem PropertyKindCalculus.intensive_uniform.{u}
      {O : Type u}
      {k :
        PropertyKindCalculus.KindOfProperty}
      {m : PropertyKindCalculus.Measurement O}
      {v : ℤ}
      (h : PropertyKindCalculus.Intensive k m)
      (d :
        PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition
          O) :
      PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition.Forall
          (fun s =>
            (m
                  (PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition.atom
                    s)).numeral =
              v)
          d →
        (m d).numeral = v
    **Intensive aggregation (the capstone).** For an intensive kind, a whole *all* of whose
    atomic parts read `v` reads `v` itself — to arbitrary depth, over any carving, proved by
    induction on the decomposition exactly as `extensive_additive` is.
    
    The two capstones are the same theorem at two aggregation modes, which is the point of
    stating both: `Extensive` sends the leaves to a sum, `Intensive` sends a *uniform* family of
    leaves to its common value, and a kind that does neither is not thereby unmeasurable — it is
    `WholeProper` below. 
Proof for Theorem 15.2.2
uses 0

By induction on the decomposition, exactly as the extensive capstone: at a leaf the hypothesis is the conclusion; at a union the two induction hypotheses make the parts agree, which is what the conditional constancy field consumes. The leaf-wise quantifier is Decomposition.Forall — extensivity reaches its leaves through arithmetic (leafSum) and intensivity has no arithmetic to reach them with.

Theorem15.2.3
Group: Mass is extensive: the mass of a whole is the sum of the masses of its parts. Volume on mixing is not: ethanol and water mix sub-additively. Tracking which kinds are extensive is a precondition for soundly aggregating measurements. (30)
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Definition 15.1.1
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The branches exclude each other. An intensive kind is not extensive as soon as two parts agree on a nonzero value: additivity doubles it, constancy keeps it, and only 0 = 0 + 0 satisfies both. Uses intensive kinds and extensive kinds.

Lean code for Theorem15.2.3●1 theorem
  • theoremdefined in PropertyKindCalculus/Extensivity.lean
    complete
    theorem PropertyKindCalculus.not_extensive_of_intensive.{u} {O : Type u}
      {k : PropertyKindCalculus.KindOfProperty}
      {m : PropertyKindCalculus.Measurement O}
      (hi : PropertyKindCalculus.Intensive k m)
      {a b : PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition O}
      (hab : (m a).numeral = (m b).numeral) (hne : (m a).numeral ≠ 0) :
      ¬PropertyKindCalculus.Extensive k m
    theorem PropertyKindCalculus.not_extensive_of_intensive.{u}
      {O : Type u}
      {k :
        PropertyKindCalculus.KindOfProperty}
      {m : PropertyKindCalculus.Measurement O}
      (hi :
        PropertyKindCalculus.Intensive k m)
      {a b :
        PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition O}
      (hab : (m a).numeral = (m b).numeral)
      (hne : (m a).numeral ≠ 0) :
      ¬PropertyKindCalculus.Extensive k m
    **The two branches exclude each other, wherever there is anything to measure.** An
    intensive kind is not extensive as soon as two parts agree on a *nonzero* value: additivity
    would double it, constancy keeps it, and only `0 = 0 + 0` satisfies both.
    
    The zero escape is not a defect of the statement — it is the observation that a kind whose
    every reading is zero satisfies both laws vacuously, which is why the hypothesis is stated
    rather than assumed away. 
Proof for Theorem 15.2.3
uses 0

Cancellation on v + v = v + 0. The nonzero hypothesis is stated rather than assumed away, because a kind whose every reading is zero really does satisfy both laws, vacuously. The library's witness is density: two parcels of one homogeneous fluid read 1000 kg/m³ and so does the parcel they compose, which refutes additivity outright.

Definition15.2.4
Group: Mass is extensive: the mass of a whole is the sum of the masses of its parts. Volume on mixing is not: ethanol and water mix sub-additively. Tracking which kinds are extensive is a precondition for soundly aggregating measurements. (30)
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Definition 15.1.1
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A kind is whole-proper when the value of the whole is produced by no aggregation over the parts: neither by summing them nor by sharing a common reading with them. The normal-mode frequency of a coupled pair is the standard case — a lone oscillator has no normal mode, so there is nothing to sum and nothing to inherit. Bunge's four types do not name this case; under the formalizations here it satisfies none of them, and in particular it is not intensive, the value not being invariant with the extent of the system.

Lean code for Definition15.2.4●1 definition
  • structure(3 fields)defined in PropertyKindCalculus/Extensivity.lean
    complete
    structure PropertyKindCalculus.WholeProper.{u} {O : Type u}
      (k : PropertyKindCalculus.KindOfProperty)
      (m : PropertyKindCalculus.Measurement O) : Prop
    structure PropertyKindCalculus.WholeProper.{u}
      {O : Type u}
      (k :
        PropertyKindCalculus.KindOfProperty)
      (m :
        PropertyKindCalculus.Measurement O) :
      Prop
    **A whole-proper kind — the case Bunge's four types do not name.** The value of the whole
    is produced by *no* aggregation over the parts: neither by summing them (`notAdditive`) nor
    by sharing a common reading with them (`notUniform`). The normal-mode frequency of a coupled
    pair is the standard case — a lone oscillator has no normal mode at all, so there is nothing
    to sum and nothing to inherit. It is not §13.5.4 intensive: the value is not invariant with
    the extent of the system, since a third oscillator moves every mode.
    
    Both fields are **exhibited**, as pairs of atomic parts, rather than stated as negated
    universals. That is deliberate: a negated universal is satisfied by a measurement that is
    merely undefined somewhere, while a witness pins the failure to two parts a reader can point
    at — the same discipline `mixing_subadditive` follows for volume, and the reason `assemble`
    over such a kind can be shown to return the *wrong number* rather than merely an
    unjustified one (`assemble_ne_measured`, `Composite.lean`).
    
    This is Marmodoro's substantial power in the §13.5 vocabulary. Her structural powers
    constitute a whole out of parts — the aggregable kinds — while the substantial power "*is*
    the electron" (*Whole, but not One*, 2018, §4): borne by the whole, and not by anything the
    whole is made of. 
    ofKind : ∀ (d : PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition O), (m d).kind = k
    Every measured part is a value of the kind `k`. 
    notAdditive : ∃ p q,
      (m ((PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition.atom p).union (PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition.atom q))).numeral ≠
        (m (PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition.atom p)).numeral + (m (PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition.atom q)).numeral
    Two atomic parts whose union does **not** read their sum. 
    notUniform : ∃ p q,
      (m (PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition.atom p)).numeral = (m (PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition.atom q)).numeral ∧
        (m ((PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition.atom p).union (PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition.atom q))).numeral ≠
          (m (PropertyKindCalculus.Decomposition.atom p)).numeral
    Two atomic parts that **agree**, whose union does not read their common value. 
Proof for Definition 15.2.4
uses 0

A Prop structure whose two refutation fields are exhibited, as pairs of atomic parts, rather than stated as negated universals: a negated universal is satisfied by a measurement that is merely undefined somewhere, while a witness pins the failure to two parts a reader can point at. What names the case is Marmodoro's distinction rather than Dybkær's vocabulary: her structural powers constitute a whole out of parts, where the substantial power "is the electron"  (Marmodoro, 2018)Anna Marmodoro, 2018. “Whole, but not One”. In Ontology, Modality, and Mind: Themes from the Metaphysics of E. J. Lowe (Oxford University Press). — borne by the whole, and by nothing the whole is made of.

Theorem15.2.5
Group: Mass is extensive: the mass of a whole is the sum of the masses of its parts. Volume on mixing is not: ethanol and water mix sub-additively. Tracking which kinds are extensive is a precondition for soundly aggregating measurements. (30)
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Definition 15.1.1
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The whole-proper case is occupied. Two oscillators at \omega_0 = 10 rad/s, coupled so the upper normal mode sits at \omega_+ = 14 rad/s: the pair's reading is neither the parts' sum (20) nor their common value (10). Uses whole-proper kinds.

Lean code for Theorem15.2.5●1 theorem
  • theoremdefined in PropertyKindCalculus/Extensivity.lean
    complete
    theorem PropertyKindCalculus.normalMode_wholeProper :
      PropertyKindCalculus.WholeProper
        PropertyKindCalculus.oscillatorFrequency
        PropertyKindCalculus.normalModeFreq
    theorem PropertyKindCalculus.normalMode_wholeProper :
      PropertyKindCalculus.WholeProper
        PropertyKindCalculus.oscillatorFrequency
        PropertyKindCalculus.normalModeFreq
    **The pair's normal-mode frequency is whole-proper.** 14 is not 10 + 10, and 14 is not
    the parts' shared 10: the value belongs to the pair and is inherited from neither part. 
Proof for Theorem 15.2.5

Both refutations are decide on the witness measurement, and the two derived theorems — not extensive, not intensive — follow from the exhibited pair alone. The quantity-level consequence is assembling it anyway, in the object-type chapter: with a license registered the sum still elaborates, and reports 20 rad/s for a mode at 14.